兒童斜弱視的理論與治療——多倫多大學Agnes Wong副教授專訪
2012-08-07 14:39:11 來源: 來自網絡
小兒斜視簡述
一般認為,斜視是指眼睛視物時不能同時注視目標,可以是內斜、外斜或上下斜視。根據流行病學調查,在西方國家,很多兒童生下來就存在內斜視,這一點和中國的情況不同,中國很少兒童天生內斜視。當發現兒童出現視物不正時我們應當了解一些知識:一是很多人錯誤地認為視物不正僅僅是導致美觀問題,但實際上還會導致視力發育障礙;二是斜視時立體視也會出現問題。
對于斜視患兒,首先應當排除是否存在大腦疾患,此外應當注意配戴眼鏡能否幫助矯正斜視。對于遠視患兒,有時簡單的配戴眼鏡就能幫助他們矯正斜視。遠視患兒在視物時很難對焦,通常為了能視物清楚他們會很努力地聚焦,該機制使眼睛發生內斜。如果配戴眼鏡后斜視仍然存在,則通常下一步要做的是通過眼肌手術來恢復眼球運動正常功能。
In children with eye misalignment, the first thing we need to rule out is whether there is a brain problem that might be causing eye misalignment in the first place. The second thing we want to look at is whether glasses can help. In some children, they are far-sighted. By simply wearing glasses, it can help control their eye turn. If the glasses doesn’t help and the eye turn remains, then usually the next step is to offer eye muscle surgery when the eye turn becomes stable.
弱視治療理論
治療弱視的主要方法是讓患兒或者家長遮蓋好眼。不管是使用眼罩遮蓋還是通過不常用的散瞳劑來使眼睛視物模糊的方法,其目的都是讓弱視眼工作。遮蓋法使用了上百年,但成功率僅約50%,主要原因之一是依從性較差。患兒不喜歡眼被遮蓋,因為這樣看起來很丑,并容易引起社會歧視。
目前有很多研究工作涉及改進治療方法(如知覺學習法,即在特殊活動中重復刺激視覺系統)。通過視頻游戲不停地訓練患者能夠提高視力;通過降低視力較佳眼的對比敏感度能夠提高雙眼的協作能力;改變大腦的神經遞質(如左旋多巴)的方法在部分患者中也有一定效果。
There are many research activities currently looking at improving the treatment and outcomes other than patching.
● Perceptual learning whereby the visual system is repeatedly stimulated during specialized activities.
● Lower the contrast of a stimulus perceived by the good eye to promote binocular co-operation in both eyes.
● Change the neurotransmitter balance in the brain, such as giving patients L-dopa.
So there is a lot of active research going on looking at different treatments for lazy eye.